Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by the excessive accumulation of body fat, presenting a significant threat to overall health. This review aims to provide a comprehensive examination of obesity by investigating its underlying causes, associated comorbidities, and treatment options. Additionally, it explores the complex relationship between obesity and oxidative stress, focusing on how obesity affects oxidative stress markers and the subsequent impact on health outcomes. The review begins with an analysis of the primary causes of obesity, which include genetic predispositions, environmental factors, behavioral patterns, and socioeconomic influences. These factors contribute to the development and persistence of obesity by affecting energy balance, fat storage, and metabolic processes. Understanding the connection between oxidative stress and obesity takes up a large amount of the review. The pathophysiology of obesity heavily relies on oxidative stress, which is defined as an imbalance between antioxidant defenses and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). We examine how increased adiposity influences oxidative stress markers, leading to cellular oxidative damage, inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction. In conclusion, this review offers a thorough analysis of obesity, emphasizing its causes, associated health issues, and the intricate relationship between obesity and oxidative stress.
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