Impairment-aware dynamic lightpath provisioning in mixed-line-rate networks

In Mixed-Line-Rate (MLR) networks, different line rates on different wavelengths can coexist on the same fiber. MLR brings flexibility to handle diverse demands by allowing each lightpath to be established end-to-end with different line rates, if necessary. However, advanced modulation techniques, which are required for high line rates, are highly susceptible to physical-layer impairments (PLIs), especially to the cross-phase modulation (XPM) induced by intensity-modulated channels.