Soil characterization of Bornova Plain (Izmir, Turkey) and its surroundings using a combined survey of MASW and ReMi methods and Nakamura's (HVSR) technique

Structural damage which occurs during earthquakes is related to both the soil dynamic behavior attributes and soil response spectrums. Therefore, soil characterization based of S-wave velocity (Vs) is one of the prime factors to estimate damage and hazards. In this study, multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and refraction microtremor (ReMi) methods have been applied to estimate Vs values of the area located east of Izmir Bay. Based on the estimated Vs values, two- and three-dimensional shear-wave velocity and the maximum shear modulus maps at various depths down to 50m were prepared. To study the relationship between the predominant period of the soil and shear-wave velocity values, a horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratio method using Nakamura's technique has been applied. Groundwater level, standard penetration test (SPT-N30) and Poisson ratio values were also obtained from previous geotechnical borehole data in the study area. In addition, we calculated building periods using the empirical relationship between height (or number of floors) of buildings and predominant period of the buildings to examine soil-structure resonance. According to the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP; 1997) soil classification, the study site consists of B-, C- and F-type soils. Risk maps were created using dynamic properties of the soil.