Application of GC, GC-MSD, ICP-MS and Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Chemical Composition and In Vitro Bioactivities of Chroogomphus rutilus: The Edible Mushroom Species

Chemical composition of Chroogomphus rutilus, the edible mushroom species, was analyzed by using gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MSD) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The silylated extract affords 19 components. Xylitol (56.28 %), glucitol (11.08 %), fumaric acid (10.92 %) and mannitol (6.79 %) were identified as the major compounds. The methylated extract possessed 13 fatty acids, and linoleic acid (41.61 %) and oleic acid (35.87 %) were the majors. In addition, the mineral and the heavy metal contents were tested for nine minerals and 12 heavy metals by using ICP-MS. In addition, the extracts were evaluated for cholinesterase inhibitory effects against acetyl-cholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase which are the chief enzymes of Alzheimer's disease. The antioxidative effect of the extracts was also determined by using five complimentary assays. Moreover, the hexane extract (IC50, 2.22 +/- 0.13 mu g/ml) and the ethyl acetate extract (IC50, 2.28 +/- 0.18 mu g/ml) exhibited a good lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity while the methanol extract demonstrated good butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC50, 45.5 +/- 1.1 mu g/ml). In addition, total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extracts were also determined as pyrocatechol and quercetin equivalents, respectively. Because of its high antioxidant activity, C. rutilus might protect people against lipid peroxidation and free radical damage when consumed. It can be also used in food industry as preservative agents or extension of the shelf-life of foods. Since methanol extract indicated remarkable inhibitory activity being close to that of galantamine, it may be also useful as moderate cholinesterase inhibitory agents, particularly against butyrylcholinesterase.