An Energy Calculation Framework Featuring Regenerative Systems in RCS/RS

The rapid growth of e-commerce and rising customer demand for fast, efficient order delivery have accelerated the expansion of the supply chain and logistics sectors, making warehouses essential for business success. In response, robotic compact storage and retrieval systems (RCS/RSs) have emerged as an effective solution to enhance operational flexibility, space utilization, and energy efficiency in warehouses. In these systems, robots navigate the grid to retrieve and store bins. When a bin is requested, the robot removes any obstructing bins above it, temporarily placing them on neighboring stacks before returning them to their original positions. The movement of thousands of bins daily, frequent stops, and vertical movements facilitate energy regeneration. This study introduces an energy calculation framework for RCS/RSs and examines energy regeneration in a 100 (width) x 100 (depth) x 50 (height) grid, revealing energy gains of up to 12.1% in horizontal movements (x-y-dimensions) and 26.4% in vertical movements (z-dimensions). Copyright (c) 2025 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)