Recent advancements in the bioactive alkaloids analysis in plant and biological specimen: From the perspective of activity, sample preparation, and analytical method selection☆

Alkaloids are a diverse group of naturally occurring organic compounds. They are known for their significant pharmacological properties. This review provides an up-to-date analysis of bioactive alkaloids in plant and biological samples, emphasizing their biological activities, extraction techniques, and analytical methods. The study focuses on significant alkaloids such as morphine, codeine, vinblastine, vincristine, berberine, quinine, quinidine, caffeine, nicotine, ephedrine, and atropine, highlighting their chemical structures, therapeutic applications, and mechanisms of action. Recent advances in extraction methods, including conventional and modern green techniques such as supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and solid-phase microextraction, are discussed in detail. In addition, the review provides an overview of state-of-the-art analytical techniques used for alkaloid quantification, such as high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and novel spectroscopic methods. Emphasis is placed on the challenges associated with alkaloid analysis, including matrix effects, stability, and structural diversity. The results contribute to the growing body of knowledge in alkaloid research, providing insights into their potential therapeutic applications and analytical improvements for more accurate and efficient detection in various biological and plant matrices.