Designing electrospun nanofibers in the distinct morphologies from poly (2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and waterborne polyurethane on the cotton fabric: A multifunctional approach for antimicrobial activity and its interaction with SARS-CoV-2

This study introduces the development of reusable and antimicrobial face mask materials by coating cotton fabric surfaces with electrospun nanofibrous meshes. A waterborne polyurethane (WBPU) polymer, synthesized from biodegradable sources under mild, catalyst-free conditions, served as the primary coating material. The WBPU polymer was combined with poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (P2Ox), a biocompatible polymer, and its hydrolyzed derivative, poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-co-poly(ethylene imine) (P2Ox-co-PEI). These polymer blends were electrospun onto cotton fabrics to form nanofibrous meshes in three distinct morphologies: hybrid, Janus, and core-shell. The materials were characterized using comprehensive techniques, including optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical testing (breaking force and elongation), air permeability measurements, and water contact angle-wetting time assessments. The results revealed enhanced material properties, including improved mechanical strength, optimized wettability, and adequate air permeability suitable for protective face masks. Biocompatibility was demonstrated through cell proliferation tests using mouse fibroblasts, showing a 30 % increase in cell growth on the coated fabrics. Antimicrobial efficacy was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 29213 and Candida albicans (C.albicans) ATCC 10231 (100 % inhibition) and antiviral activity against COVID-19 virus SARS-CoV-2 (94.11 % reduction), highlighting the potential for these materials as alternatives to conventional surgical masks. This work underscores the feasibility of creating sustainable, highperformance protective fabrics that combine biodegradability, biocompatibility, and robust antimicrobial properties, offering a promising solution for personal protective equipment in medical and non-medical applications.