Polystyrene foam-based pipette-tip Micro-solid phase extraction (PFPT-μSPE) using Ni-MOF@S-CQDs nanocomposite: A novel method for efficient extraction of Lead from water and food samples

A novel Ni-MOF@S-CQDs nanocomposite was synthesized directly into the pores of a polystyrene foam. It was characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and SEM-EDX techniques. The adsorbent was effectively applied for the extraction of Pb (II) from water, juice, and iced tea samples, followed by analysis using UV-VIS spectrometry. Various analytical factors, including pH, adsorbent amount, adsorption and desorption times, and sample volume, were studied. Under the optimum conditions, the analytical features were obtained; the LDR of 50-5000 mu g L-1, the LOD of 15 mu g L-1, and the RSDs% of 2.0 and 4.0 for intra-day and inter-day, respectively. The pre-concentration (PF) and the enrichment (EF) factors of 30, the factor of 28.5, and the extraction efficiency (EE) of 95 % were obtained. Certified reference materials (CRMs) were used to validate the novel Polystyrene Foam-Pipette Tip Micro-Solid Phase Extraction (PFPT-mu SPE) technique. This study is eco-friendly, accurate, and economical for the extraction of Pb (II) from water and beverage samples.