A review of non-petroleum alternatives of plastic mulches in agriculture: Knowledge gaps and future recommendations

Plastic mulch films have long been favored in agriculture due to their ability to boost crop yields, conserve moisture, and manage weed growth. However, the environmental persistence of plastic residues in soils, particularly the formation of microplastics (MPs), has raised concerns regarding soil health and ecosystem biodiversity. This review investigates alternative solutions to conventional petroleum-based plastic mulches, exploring biodegradable polymers, natural fibers, and other sustainable materials. Biodegradable plastics show potential but present challenges in terms of incomplete degradation, which still leads to microplastic formation. Additionally, their cost and effectiveness under various agricultural conditions remain uncertain. Other alternatives, such as natural fiber mulches, offer eco-friendly options but face similar hurdles concerning durability and large-scale applicability. The review emphasizes the knowledge gaps in understanding the environmental impact of biodegradable mulches and calls for comprehensive research into their long-term effects on soil health. Sustainable waste management practices are also identified as crucial for mitigating plastic pollution in agriculture. The findings highlight the need for innovation in the development of biodegradable and recyclable alternatives to petroleum-based plastic mulches, ensuring that they meet both agricultural and environmental sustainability goals.