Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory, and Cytotoxicity Properties of <i>Cardamine raphanifolia</i> subsp. <i>acris</i>

In this work, the phytochemical profile of Cardamine raphanifolia subsp. acris extracts were analyzed, and the total phenolic/flavonoid content was evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. The highest phenolic content was found in butanol extracts (ButE), while the highest flavonoid content was detected in chloroform extracts (ChrE). GC-MS analysis identified 32 compounds, such as n-hexadecanoic acid in ethyl acetate (EtcE). The antioxidant activities of the extracts were confirmed through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, but their effectiveness was lower compared to gallic acid. In enzyme inhibition tests, the extracts demonstrated tyrosinase inhibitory effects ranging from 42.91% to 52.22% at 200 mu g/mL. As elastase inhibitors, EtcE and ChrE showed the highest potential, whereas no collagenase inhibition was detected. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed that ButE did not have a cytotoxic effect on the human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell line. These findings demonstrate that C. raphanifolia has the potential to serve as a source for developing skin health and antiaging agents.