Assessment of carbapenem resistance and carbapenemase genes in wastewater from cattle slaughterhouses: Implications for environmental antibiotic resistance surveillance

The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of carbapenemresistant Gram-negative bacteria and assess the potential risks associated with cattle slaughterhouse wastewater. A total of 270 wastewater samples were collected from 10 different cattle slaughterhouses for microbiological analysis. Conventional culture methods were employed, followed by disc diffusion, the Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method (mCIM), and the Modified Hodge Test (MHT) to identify carbapenem resistance. The Vitek (R) 2 compact system was used for species identification and antibiotic susceptibility profiling. Conventional and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were performed to detect specific carbapenemase genes ( bla KPC , blaNDM, and bla OXA-48 ), among the collected 17 (6.30%) carbapenem-resistant isolates, one Pseudomonasfluorescens (0.37%), one Aeromonas hydrophila (0.37%), and two Aeromonas sobria (0.74%) exhibited resistance to meropenem. Additionally, six P. fluorescens (2.22%) and two A. hydrophila (0.74%) isolates demonstrated intermediate resistance to meropenem. Furthermore, five carbapenem-resistant isolates were identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (1.85%), known to be inherently resistant to most antibiotics. Ten different antibiotics were evaluated in the antibiotic resistance panel and all Aeromonas isolates were found to be resistant to cefazolin and one A. hydrophila was detected as multi-drug resistant. The revealed data indicates that slaughterhouse wastewater can serve as a reservoir for antibiotic-resistant opportunistic pathogens. However, it may not pose a substantial risk for the distribution of carbapenemases, thereby mitigating concerns related to potential public health and environmental hazards associated with this aspect of slaughterhouse operations. This study contributes to understanding of antibiotic resistance in livestock-related environments and underscores the importance of continued monitoring and surveillance.