Degradation of antiviral drug molnupiravir using a dual function Fe<SUP>II</SUP>Fe<SUP>III</SUP>LDH@carbon felt cathode in the heterogeneous electro-Fenton process: Kinetics and mineralization study

Pharmaceuticals constitute one of the more widely reported anthropogenic micropollutants, and their removal usually requires a specific treatment method. The oxidative degradation and mineralization of molnupiravir (MNP), a novel antiviral drug used for COVID treatment, were investigated for the first time by EF processes using both raw carbon felt (CF) and modified dual-function CF cathodes. The classical electro-Fenton (CEF) process using CF cathode has significant challenges, including a narrow pH range and a lack of ability to reuse the catalyst. To overcome these limitations, a dual-function (FeFeIII)-Fe-II layered double hydroxide modified carbon felt ((FeFeLDH)-Fe-II-L-III@CF) cathode was developed using a hydrothermal method. The (FeFeLDH)-Fe-II-L-III@CF cathode was characterized using BET, FTIR, SEM, cyclic, and linear sweep voltammetry. The efficiency of (FFeLDH)-Fe-II-L-III@CF cathode for the removal of MNP compared with that of raw carbon felt (CF) cathode, including the effects of operating parameters. The heterogeneous electro-Fenton (HEF) process with (FeFeLDH)-Fe-II-L-III@CF cathode allowed an almost complete mineralization (98.08 % TOC removal) of 0.1 mM MNP solution. The mineralization ability of the (FFeLDH)-Fe-II-L-III@CF cathode was more than 95 % after 5 cycles, suggesting a good reusability of the synthesized cathode. The absolute rate constant for the oxidation of MNP with (OH)-O-center dot (2.22 +/- 0.03 x10(9) M-1 s(-1)) was also determined for the first time. In addition, the modified LDH cathode has the advantage of being effective over a wide pH range while avoiding the use of an iron salt as a catalyst.