Modified and hyphenated electromembrane extraction techniques and their applications for food analysis

Electromembrane extraction (EME) is a miniaturized sample preparation technique used to preconcentrate various analytes from complex matrices. Several modifications to EME and hyphenation with other preconcentration techniques have been introduced to improve its efficiency, sensitivity, accuracy, automation, sample clean-up capacity, and environmental friendliness. This work summarizes up-to-date approaches that have been introduced for the modification of EME and EME-hyphenated techniques (EME combined with other microextraction techniques), as well as discusses the need and significance of modification in EME and EMEhyphenation and the purpose of the presented approaches. In addition, the experimental work of modifiedEME and EME-hyphenated techniques are explained in detail for the solid and liquid food analysis. The review will assist them with various modified and hyphenated-EME sample preparation approaches and the applications of green solvents, nanomaterials, Lab-on-a-chip technology (LOC), and biodegradable materials to their respective fields of study. It also forecasts the vision for further enhancing the automation, environment friendliness and hyphenation of EME.