Recent Advancement and Prospects of Novel Nanomaterial-Based Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) Techniques

In this review, the principles and characteristics of solid-phase extraction (SPE) are discussed. The categories of nanomaterial-based adsorbents namely metal/metal oxides, magnetic nanoparticles, silica-based nanoparticles, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials (NMs), polymeric nanoparticles, nanotubes, semiconductor NMs, and nanoporous materials along with their features are discussed followed by evaluating their synthetic strategies. Finally, the application of nanomaterial-based sorbents for extraction and preconcentration of drugs, pesticides, and heavy metals in biological, food, and environmental samples is assessed. Overall, the future of SPE techniques is expected to include advances in downsizing, automation, selectivity, sustainability, and integration with other analytical techniques, resulting in more efficient and effective sample preparation procedures for a variety of applications.