Evaluation of biosorbent properties of <i>Teucrium polium</i> seeds in Rhodamine B removal; isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamic studies

Water pollution is a major environmental concern worldwide, particularly due to industrial paint waste. Therefore, treating wastewater from various industrial sources is crucial to restoring environmental quality. In this study, a batch biosorption system was used to investigate the biosorption of Rhodamine B (RhB), a highly toxic dye, on Teucrium polium seeds (TPS). The study examined the effects of different parameters such as initial dye concentration, contact time, initial pH, temperature, and biosorbent amount on RhB removal. To determine the physicochemical properties of TPS, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and zero charge point (PZC) characterization analyses were performed. The maximum biosorption capacity of TPS at pH = 5.5 and 25 degrees C was found to be 4.18 mg g(-1). The study found that the removal rate of RhB was 93.3% at an initial RhB dye concentration of 200 mg L-1. The experimental data showed that the Langmuir isotherm model (R-2 = 0.940) was the most compatible model for biosorption, while the biosorption kinetic mechanism proceeded through the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model (R-2 = 0.925). Additionally, the study found that intraparticle diffusion, pore diffusion, and film diffusion were effective in the RhB biosorption rate mechanism. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the biosorption was endothermic (Delta H-0>0), spontaneous (Delta S-0>0), and entropy-increasing (Delta G(0) <0). As a result, TPS, which has suitable adsorbent properties for RhB, can be recommended as a new, cost-effective, abundant potential biosorbent.