Plasmonic group IVB transition metal nitrides: Fabrication methods and applications in biosensing, photovoltaics and photocatalysis

This review paper focuses on group IVB transition metal nitrides (TMNs) such as titanium nitride (TiN), zirconium nitride (ZrN), and hafnium nitride (HfN) and as alternative plasmonic materials to noble metals like gold and silver. It delves into the fabrication methods of these TMNs, particularly emphasizing thin film fabrication techniques like magnetron sputtering and atomic layer deposition, as well as nanostructure fabrication processes applied to these thin films. Overcoming the current fabrication and application-related challenges requires a deep understanding of the material properties, deposition techniques, and application requirements. Here, we discuss the impact of fabrication parameters on the properties of resulting films, highlighting the importance of aligning fabrication methods with practical application requirements for optimal performance. Additionally, we summarize and tabulate the most recent plasmonic applications of these TMNs in fields like biosensing, photovoltaic energy, and photocatalysis, contributing significantly to the current literature by consolidating knowledge on TMNs.