Reimagining Ummah: The Role of Third-Generation Immigrant Women in the Transformation of Turkish Islam in Europe

For decades, the traditional precepts of "Turkish Islam" have defined the community structure for Turkish immigrants in The Netherlands. Today, spiritualism rather than Islamic morality is emerging as the more compelling religious practice among young people, especially among women who are looking to break out of their culturally enclosed communities. This study uses the terms "enclosure" and "opening up" as metaphors for immigrant participation in Dutch society and suggests that religious Muslim women immigrants are both the founders and dismantlers of the two metaphors. Through their own narratives, women are shown to challenge and resolve social compartmentalization, and the role of cultural transmission through "Ummahtism" (the global Islamic community) is detailed as it is reinterpreted in Europe by Dutch-Turkish women. The findings of this paper are based on field research conducted in The Netherlands between September 2020 and April 2022.