Heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater using date seeds powder and aluminum chloride-based hybrid natural/chemical coagulation

High levels of heavy metals in industrial wastewater pose a significant environmental concern due to their toxicity to living organisms and ecosystems. Traditional techniques that use chemical coagulants to eliminate heavy metals from industrial wastewater have proven effective. However, the use of chemical coagulants produces sludge that is highly toxic and requires careful management. On the other hand, natural coagulants offer a cost-effective and sustainable alternative that is safer to handle, locally available, and potentially useful for resource recovery. These benefits make natural coagulants a promising substitute for chemical coagulants. This study aimed to investigate the performance of combining Date stone powder (DSP) and aluminum chloride (AlCl3), to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater efficiently. Through an optimization process of DSP/ AlCl3 dosage and pH, the study sought to determine the optimal conditions for heavy metal removal. The main findings indicate that a DSP/AlCl3 dosage of 7:1 (g/g) was the most effective coagulant dosage, resulting in high removal efficiencies for COD (88.56%), color (89.56%), TSS (99.00%), NH3-N (92.50%), Mn (94.10%), Fe (95.47%), Zn (93.57%), Al (88.42%), and Ni (93.3%) at pH 8. Interestingly, the results of pH optimization showed that no pH modification was necessary, as it already achieved high removal efficiencies for COD (84.57%), color (88.94%), TSS (99.00%), NH3-N (92.25%), Mn (92.66%), Fe (90.57%), Zn (95.59%), Al (99.00%), and Ni (93.33%). This study demonstrates that the hybrid DSP/AlCl3 coagulation method can be an effective and sustainable solution for removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. However, further research is necessary to assess its scalability and potential limitations.