Novel Antenna for Partial Discharge Detection and Classification: A Convolutional Neural Network-Based Deep Learning Approach

Inspection of high voltage (HV) devices using ultrahigh frequency (UHF) sensors has been predominantly employed for partial discharge (PD) detection and classification. This work reports implementing and testing a coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed annular monopole antenna for PD detection. The 3-D Maxwell solver of COMSOL multiphysics is used in this article to optimize the antenna parameters and improve its performance. The original size of the antenna is reduced by about 47% utilizing structural symmetry and current resonances. The proposed antenna exhibits a wide bandwidth (BW) over frequencies ranging between 0.5 and 3 GHz (except at 0.6, 1.2, and 2.75 GHz) due to the applied size reduction, using a maximum reflection coefficient of -10 dB (based on measurements). Nonetheless, the antenna performance is still effective over the full UHF range (considering that -6 dB is sufficient to detect PD activities). The effectiveness of the proposed antenna in PD detection is verified by testing the antenna's performance against three common types of PD defects, namely, sharp point-to-ground discharge, surface discharge, and internal discharge. Furthermore, deep learning (DL) is implemented to classify the three defects with a total classification accuracy of 96%.