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Published January 1, 2023 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in human mobility patterns in Holocene Southwest Asia and the East Mediterranean

Creators

  • 1. Middle East Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkiye
  • 2. Hacettepe Univ, Dept Anthropol, Human G Lab, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkiye
  • 3. Fdn Res & Technol Hellas FORTH, Inst Mol Biol & Biotechnol IMBB, Ancient DNA Lab, N Plastira 100, GR-70013 Iraklion, Vassilika Vouto, Greece
  • 4. Uppsala Univ, Dept Archaeol & Ancient Hist, Archaeol, Uppsala, Sweden
  • 5. Univ Notre Dame, Sch Med, Sydney, Australia
  • 6. Middle East Tech Univ, Dept Settlement Archaeol, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkiye
  • 7. Stockholm Univ, Dept Archaeol & Class Studies, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
  • 8. Hacettepe Univ, Dept Anthropol, Husbio L Lab, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkiye
  • 9. Mersin Univ, Dept Biotechnol, TR-33343 Mersin, Turkiye
  • 10. Ctr Palaeogenet, Stockholm, Sweden

Description

We present a spatiotemporal picture of human genetic diversity in Anatolia, Iran, Levant, South Caucasus, and the Aegean, a broad region that experienced the earliest Neolithic transition and the emergence of com-plex hierarchical societies. Combining 35 new ancient shotgun genomes with 382 ancient and 23 present-day published genomes, we found that genetic diversity within each region steadily increased through the Holo-cene. We further observed that the inferred sources of gene flow shifted in time. In the first half of the Holo-cene, Southwest Asian and the East Mediterranean populations homogenized among themselves. Starting with the Bronze Age, however, regional populations diverged from each other, most likely driven by gene flow from external sources, which we term "the expanding mobility model."Interestingly, this increase in in-ter-regional divergence can be captured by outgroup-f3-based genetic distances, but not by the commonly used FST statistic, due to the sensitivity of FST, but not outgroup-f3, to within-population diversity. Finally, we report a temporal trend of increasing male bias in admixture events through the Holocene.

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