Synthesis and evaluation of multitarget new 2-aminothiazole derivatives as potential anti-Alzheimer's agents

In this study, two diverse series of 2-aminothiazole-based multitarget compounds, one propenamide and the other propanamide derivatives, were designed and synthesized. Subsequently, their anticholinesterease and antioxidant (ORAC) activities were tested. Among them, compound 3e was the most potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor (AChE IC50 = 0.5 mu M, butyrylcholinesterase [BChE] IC50 = 14.7 mu M) and compound 9e was the most potent BChE inhibitor (AChE IC50 = 3.13 mu M, BChE IC50 = 0.9 mu M). Kinetic experiments showed that both compounds were mixed-type inhibitors. According to the anticholinesterease activity results, five compounds (3e, 4e, 5e, 9d, and 9e) were selected for further activity studies, all of which are dual cholinesterase inhibitors. Then, selected compounds were investigated in terms of their metal chelation activity. Moreover, their neuroprotective effects against H2O2-induced damage in the PC12 cell line were evaluated at 10 mu M and the results showed that the neuroprotective effect of 3e was 53% compared with the reference ferulic acid (77%). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) results of selected compounds revealed that the compounds were noncytotoxic. Additionally, 3e was more effective in reducing lipopolysaccharides-induced interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and nitric oxide (NO) production in the human monocyte derived from patient with acute monocytic leukemia cell line compared with other selected compounds. Finally, a molecular docking study was also performed.