Field application of encapsulated entomopathogenic nematodes using a precision planter

The use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) as a biological control agent in agriculture has shown efficacy against various soil-dwelling pests. Despite its potential, high production costs and inconsistent field efficiency remain significant challenges. Although EPNs can be applied using irrigation systems and spraying equipment, optimized applications are required. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of applying EPNs in gelatin capsules and planting with a precision planter. It was hypothesized that this method would lead to more controlled and uniform EPN application. The effects of EPN encapsulation on dispersal and field persistence in the soil were also investigated. Larval mortality for capsule applications was between 53 and 67% under field conditions, with no statistical difference compared to the drip irrigation applications. Dispersal trials were carried out using custom steel olfactometers, and capsule application did not have any adverse effects on the dispersal of infective juveniles for 24, 48 and 72 h. Persistence trials revealed no significant differences between the capsule and control groups, with a maximum persistence of 50 days. The results suggest that the capsule technique could be a promising option for large-scale EPN applications, and further optimization may lead to improved results.