Mechanical properties, durability performance and interlayer adhesion of 3DPC mixtures: A state-of-the-art review

In this study, the strength and durability performance of 3D printing concrete mixtures (3DPC) were examined in terms of the materials used in their production and printing process parameters (interlayer interval time, printing speed, and nozzle shape). Due to the anisotropic nature of 3DPC, it was understood that the compressive strength depends on the loading direction. It was emphasized that it is necessary to control the shrinkage behavior of 3DPC mixtures due to the lack of formwork and the high dosage of binders. It was reported that the interlayer adhesion of 3DPC is highly dependent on the interlayer interval time and printing speed parameters. It was understood that nozzle shape and standoff distance affect the mechanical properties and surface roughness of 3DPC specimens, and this effect is more pronounced in mixtures with high static yield stress values.