The Internet of Energy Systems: Blockchain and Smart Contracts meet Federated Learning

The Internet of Energy (IoE) is a distributed paradigm that integrates smart networks and Internet technology. In contrast to traditional centralized energy systems, distributed Energy Internet systems with multiple components and communication requirements necessitate innovative technologies for decentralization, reliability, efficiency and security. Novel blockchain architectures, smart contracts, and distributed federated learning technologies offer new opportunities for decentralized Energy Internet services. In this paper, we classify state-of-the-art solutions utilizing blockchain, smart contracts, and federated learning for the IoE domains. In this context, four representative system models are identified and discussed. These models demonstrate various ways in which blockchain, smart contracts, and federated learning can be integrated to support the main domains of IoE, namely distributed energy trading and sharing, smart microgrid energy networks, and electric and connected vehicle management.