State-of-the-art review for lead extrusion dampers: development, improvement, characteristics, application areas, and research needs

This paper presents a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of the research on the design of lead extrusion dampers (LED) and their application in the structures. Among the passive energy dissipative devices used in the seismic response control of the structures, the LED has several advantages: utilizing a very soft metal with low yield strength and high plastic deformation capacity, having stable load-deformation curves that are not affected by the number of loading cycles, being resistant to aging effects and environmental factors, and not requiring replacements after an earthquake. In addition to the literature studies to determine its performance, the LED has received increasing attention in recent years, and its wide use in the field of application has started. Yet, it still requires extensive effort to develop a reliable design algorithm and an optimization process to increase its performance further. The reader will receive a comprehensive review of lead extrusion dampers in this paper, emphasizing unresolved issues and a list of existing research gaps.