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Published January 1, 2023 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Graphene oxide nanoarchitectures in cancer biology: Nano-modulators of autophagy and apoptosis

Creators

  • 1. Islamic Azad Univ, Fac Vet Med, Sci & Res Branch, Tehran, Iran
  • 2. Univ Tehran, Fac Vet Med, Dept Food Hyg & Qual Control, Div Epidemiol, Tehran, Iran
  • 3. Islamic Azad Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Sci & Res Branch, Tehran, Iran
  • 4. Istinye Univ, Fac Engn & Nat Sci, Dept Biomed Engn, TR-34396 Istanbul, Turkiye
  • 5. Fudan Univ, Zhongshan Hosp, Shanghai Inst Cardiovasc Dis, Dept Cardiol, Shanghai 200032, Peoples R China

Description

Nanotechnology is a growing field, with many potential biomedical applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of different diseases, particularly cancer, on the horizon. Graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles can act as carbon-based nanocarriers with advantages such as a large surface area, good mechanical strength, and the capacity for surface modification. These nanostructures have been extensively used in cancer therapy for drug and gene delivery, photothermal therapy, overcoming chemotherapy resistance, and for imaging procedures. In the current review, we focus on the biological functions of GO nanoparticles as regulators of apoptosis and autophagy, the two major forms of programmed cell death. GO nanoparticles can either induce or inhibit autophagy in cancer cells, depending on the conditions. By stimulating autophagy, GO nanocarriers can promote the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy. However, by impairing autophagy flux, GO nanoparticles can reduce cell survival and enhance inflammation. Similarly, GO nanomaterials can increase ROS production and induce DNA damage, thereby sensitizing cancer cells to apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments have investigated whether GO nanomaterials show any toxicity in major body organs, such as the brain, liver, spleen, and heart. Molecular pathways, such as ATG, MAPK, JNK, and Akt, can be regulated by GO nanomaterials, leading to effects on autophagy and apoptosis. These topics are discussed in this review to shed some lights towards the biomedical potential of GO nanoparticles and their biocompatibility, paving the way for their future application in clinical trials.

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