A data-driven energy performance gap prediction model using machine learning

The energy performance gap is a significant obstacle to the realization of ambitions to mitigate the environ-mental impact of buildings. Although extensive research has been conducted on the causes, minimization, or the quantifying of the energy performance gap in buildings, comparatively minimal work has been done on raising decision-makers awareness of a potential gap.This paper positions project risks at the core of the gap and proposes an innovative performance gap prediction model focusing on heating and electricity demand in buildings by utilizing the machine learning classification. In this research, the performance gap and project risks of 77 buildings was collected via a web-based survey. The predictive performance of the four machine learning algorithms, namely i) Naive Bayes, ii) k-Nearest Neighbors, iii) Support Vector Machine, and iv) Random Forest, were compared to determine the best model.The results obtained revealed that Naive Bayes was better able to predict the direction of the heating per-formance gap (72.50%), the negative heating performance gap (71.81%), the positive electricity performance gap (77.08%), and the negative electricity performance gap (83.85%). Furthermore, k-Nearest Neighbors and Support Vector Machine were more accurate to predict the direction of the electricity performance gap (79.00%), and the positive heating performance gap (76.04%).