How Grenache N (Vitis vinifera L.) physiology responses drought stress in early developmental stages?

Grapevine and wine production are strongly influenced by climate
(Alves et al., 2013). In the context of global climate change, vineyard
management must be improved to adapt to the new conditions (Grossi et al.,
2016). When examining long-term climate data from Europe, results for the
growing season are less clear, but drier conditions are more likely (Schultz
and Lebon, 2005; Degu et al., 2019; Carvalho et al., 2022). In recent years,
wine regions of southern Europe have been affected by lower rainfall, extreme
temperatures, and drought (Barbagallo et al., 2021). Drought (water stress) is
an abiotic stress to which plants are frequently exposed (Chacon-Vozmediano
et al., 2020; Azri et al., 2021; Cataldo et al., 2022). Like all other living
organisms, the vine requires water for its life cycle. It affects the composition
and quality of the berries. It also affects vegetative growth and yield
(Pellegrino et al., 2005; Ezzhaouani et al., 2007; Acevedo-Opazo et al., 2010).
Limited water availability affects plant growth, yield components, and grape
berry quality (Zufferey et al., 2020). Water availability remains the absolute
most critical issue worldwide, as all vineyards require irrigation (Yzarra et al.,
2015). Quality red wines have been found to require a moderate water deficit
(Barbagallo et al., 2021).