A Novel Combined Potential-Field Formulation for Densely Discretized Perfectly Conducting Objects

We present a novel surface-integral-equation formulation that provides broadband solutions of electromagnetic problems involving perfectly conducting objects. The formulation, namely the combined potential-field formulation (CPFF), is based on a well-balanced combination of the conventional potential integral equations (PIEs), the magnetic-field integral equation (MFIE), and an additional PIE involving magnetic vector potential. In addition to being stable for dense discretizations, CPFF is free of internal resonances, and it enables accurate and efficient solutions of large-scale closed conductors using conventional basis and testing functions. Numerical results demonstrate that CPFF clearly outperforms other formulations, including the popular combined-field integral equation (CFIE), for densely discretized objects comparable to or larger than wavelength.