Glucosamine derived hydrothermal carbon electrodes for aqueous electrolyte energy storage systems

Nitrogen-doped porous hard carbons are synthesized by hydrothermal carbonization method (HTC) using glucosamine as biosource and treated at different carbonization temperatures in nitrogen environment (500, 750, 1000 degrees C). The electrochemical performances of hard carbons electrode materials for aqueous electrolyte sodium ion batteries are examined to observe the effect of two different voltage ranges (-0.8-0.0) V and (0.0-0.8) V in 1.0 M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. The best electrochemical performances are acquired for the 1000 degrees C treated glucosamine (GA-1000) porous carbon sample that provides similar to 96 F/g capacitance value in the negative voltage range (between -0.8 and 0.0) V. The sodium diffusion coefficient of the GA-1000 carbon calculated by electrochemical impedance measurements is found to be 1.5 x 10(-14) cm(2)/s.