A meandered dual loop antenna for wireless capsule endoscopy

We present a novel meandered dual loop conformal antenna operated at 433 MHz ISM band for wireless capsule endoscopy. The proposed antenna provides a wide bandwidth to tolerate the resonance frequency shifts due to tissue composition changes along with the capsule movement in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and a wide axial ratio beamwidth to enable data transmission throughout a wide variety of antenna orientations. Simulations are conducted to demonstrate the bandwidth and AR values of the antenna in the GI tract tissues. The simulation results are validated through the experiments conducted in grounded bovine tissue. With further development, the presented antenna can be utilized in the clinical environment.