Optical investigation of nanophotonic lithium niobate-based optical waveguide

Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) nanophotonics are prepared on quartz substrate by sol-gel method. They have been deposited with different molarity concentrations and annealed at 500 A degrees C. These samples are characterized and analyzed by scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction and ultraviolet-visible. The measured results show an importance of increasing molarity that indicates the structure starts to crystallize to become more regular. The estimated lattice constants, energy gaps and refractive index give good accordance with experimental results. Also, the calculated refractive index and optical dielectric constant are in agreement with experimental data.