High-Q, directional and self-assembled random laser emission using spatially localized feedback via cracks

Lasers based on Fabry-Perot or whispering gallery resonators generally require complex fabrication stages and sensitive alignment of cavity configurations. The structural defects on reflective surfaces result in scattering and induce optical losses that can be detrimental to laser performance. On the other hand, random lasers can be simply obtained by forming disordered gain media and scatterers, but they generally show omnidirectional emission with a low Q-factor. Here, we demonstrate directional random lasers with a high Q-factor emission (similar to 1.5 x 10(4)) via self-assembled microstructural cracks that are spontaneously formed upon radial strain-release of colloidal nanoparticles from the wet to dry phase. The rough sidewalls of cracks facilitate light oscillation via diffuse reflection that forms a spatially localized feedback, and they also serve as the laser out-coupler. These self-assembled cracks exhibit random lasing at optical pump powers as low as tens of mu J/mm(2). We demonstrate a wide variety of random lasers from nano- and biomaterials including silica nanoparticles, fluorescent proteins, and biopolymers. These findings pave the way toward self-assembled, configurable, and scalable random lasers for sensing, displays, and communication applications.