Ranking of provinces by entrepreneurship, innovativeness, and human capital indicators, using PROMETHEE - The case study of Turkey

In the study, the authors aim to rank Turkey's provinces through the lens of innovativeness, entrepreneurship, and human capital. They use company establishment and liquidation statistics, industrial capacity report statistics, intellectual property statistics, national education statistics, and higher education statistics for this purpose. The presented 16 variables are grouped into 3 categories: entrepreneurship, innovativeness, and human capital. As a ranking technique, the preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation (PROMETHEE) is used. The 81 provinces of Turkey are ranked in terms of innovativeness, entrepreneurship and human capital performance, and their advantages are shown relative to one another. According to the results, Istanbul takes the first place followed by Ankara, Izmir, Konya, and Kocaeli provinces, while Sinop, Igdir, Tunceli, Ardahan, and Bayburt provinces perform the worst.