Multiplicity dependence of charged-particle production in pp, p–Pb, Xe–Xe and Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC

Multiplicity (${N}_{\mathrm{ch}}$) distributions and transverse momentum (${p}_{T}$) spectra of inclusive primary charged particles in the kinematic range of $|\eta |<0.8$ and $0.15\text{GeV}/c<{p}_{T}<10\text{GeV}/c$ are reported for pp, p–Pb, Xe–Xe and Pb–Pb collisions at centre-of-mass energies per nucleon pair ranging from $\sqrt{{s}_{\mathrm{NN}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}}=2.76\text{TeV}$ up to 13 TeV. A sequential two-dimensional unfolding procedure is used to extract the correlation between the transverse momentum of primary charged particles and the charged-particle multiplicity of the corresponding collision. This correlation sharply characterises important features of the final state of a collision and, therefore, can be used as a stringent test of theoretical models. The multiplicity distributions as well as the mean and standard deviation derived from the ${p}_{T}$ spectra are compared to state-of-the-art model predictions. Providing these fundamental observables of bulk particle production consistently across a wide range of collision energies and system sizes can serve as an important input for tuning Monte Carlo event generators.